A Literature Review on International Business - 8061 Words

A Literature Review on International Business Introduction Engaging in international business is one of the most important factors that a businessman must consider in order to gain more financial strength and stability for his company. One reason of investing to other countries provides a much larger opportunity for growth. But the success of a business also depends on choosing the right country to transact with, and having the ability to negotiate with that country in terms of their rules and policies, in a fairly considerable way. To be able to do this would guarantee both countries’ relationship to be beneficial. On the other hand, most developed countries trade and invest with developing countries because of less competition in†¦show more content†¦The operation of domestic firm in overseas branches is one of the studies that should be taken to consideration in international business. One example of this is a Japanese firm can have its branch in other countries. Toyota of Philippines is considered as a domestic firm in an overseas branch. Farmer and Richman (1966) stated that this type of international business involves a management dimension in a foreign environment, and as such is one of the most complex and interesting types of international business studies. Firms cannot assume in this case that management problems will be identical to those faced at home. The import and export trade is also an important branch in business internationally for it involves the purchasing of products by a local firm, like Bangladesh from other local firms in foreign countries, e.g. Australia and sell them in Bangladesh, or an that manufacturer may sell his domestically produced products abroad. Farmer and Richman (1966) stressed that this area of study has long been of interest to economists, since the flows of international trade have considerable impact on the development and operations of the local economy. The comparative management in international business refers toShow MoreRelatedStandardization in Internat ional Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodological Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesStandardization in International Marketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. 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Berlucchi Market Analysis - 7005 Words

------------------------------------------------- Berlucchi ------------------------------------------------- Marketing Plan 2012 Table of contents Executive Summary Introduction Guido Berlucchi amp; Co. SpA is one of Italy’s leading sparkling wine producers. After years of outstanding success, the company finds itself facing a stable market, with competition becoming even more intense, distribution more complex and consumers more sophisticated. The executive Committee is convinced that the strategy that drove the company’s development in its first 40 years needs to open up a new growth path, thus this marketing plan for the strategy for the upcoming three years. External Analysis Customer analysis Approximately 35% of†¦show more content†¦Competitive analysis Direct Competitors Listed below are the top 3 sparkling wines in the US at the current moment. They all fall in the range of our target customers in terms of their taste and their prices making them a direct threat and therefore a direct competitor. JCB by Jean-Charles Boisset No. 69 Burgundy, France ------------------------------------------------- Jean-Charles Boissets JCB wines are made entirely from Pinot Noir grapes grown in the Burgundy region of France, this refreshing rosà © is light and crisp, offering raspberry and red currant aromas. Many wine lovers associate this brand with romantic outings. It is currently listed as number one on the top sparkling wines in the US available at only 7 stores, and at a very affordably price it is sure to be serious competitor. Price: $20 ------------------------------------------------- Toso Brut Mendoza, Argentina Toso has been producing sparkling wines in the Mendoza wine region of Argentina for 85 years. Their non-vintage brut is made entirely from Chardonnay grapes. Light and refreshing, it offers aromas of lemon and apple with buttery and toasty notes. It is very popular in the US with people looking for something inexpensive, well made, clean and bubbly especially for large events like weddings, receptions and birthday parties.

The Apple, Authentec Merger Free Essays

Abstract This paper critically evaluates the merger between Apple Inc and AuthenTec that took place on the 26th July 2012. The paper analyses the process of the negotiations and with a keen interest on the motivation behind the deal. This is Apple’s biggest deal ever and there are many questions pointing at the reason and the speed of this merger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apple, Authentec Merger or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper delves into the timing of the negotiations examining indicators that could reveal any hidden motives that Apple could have had that led to the signing of the final agreement. The paper uses a theoretical lens to explain the occurrences, the nature of negotiations and who actually exerted pressure on the process and the reason why. The paper investigates the relationship between Apple’s aggressiveness and the pending release of its new product. Introduction Fingerprint sensor technology company AuthenTec Inc announced its acquisition by Apple on July 27. The agreement was at $356 million and was to be the biggest acquisition in Apples 36 year period, in operation. A year after Apple Inc (AAPL.O) acquired AuthenTec Inc AUTH; a patent application was made public by the US Patent Trademark Office (Purcher, 2012). This application from Apple pointed at a new technology for the iPhone and its other devices, a security feature that would incorporate fingerprint scanner. Interesting was the fact that this technology was acquired from AuthenTec. Purcher (2013) explains that Apple had made such applications earlier in 2009, an indicator that it was interested in fingerprint scanners for its future devices. It appears that this research was at an advanced stage in 2012 with the revelation that this technology would be used together with face or Retina recognition as a sophisticated security measure on its iPhone and MAC. The Q-Theory of Mergers explains that mergers can be used as means for technology transfer and capital reallocation (Jovanovic et al., 2002). This paper focuses on the former in regard to the merger and acquisition in question. It is the light of this argument that this investigation delves into the background of this deal, Apples agenda and maneuvers and the eventual take over to bring to light its real purpose. The Process According to Brian (2012), the negotiations between AuthenTec and Apple started towards the end of 2011 with a simple approach by AuthenTec whether Apple would be interested in implementing its latest technology. Brian’s (2012), revelation extends to the fact that Apple was not the only company that Authentic approached and despite its wealthy customer base that included â€Å"Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco, Fujitsu, HBO, HP, Lenovo, LG, Motorola, Nokia, Orange, Samsung, Sky, and Texas Instruments† (Brian, 2012), Its only Apple that responded to AuthenTec’s approach and by showing interest in developing the technology. At this moment, it appeared as though the main reason Apple was interested in commercially pursuing this technology was cost. Nonetheless, the negotiations began with the focus turning to the extent to which Authentic would grant intellectual property (IP) to Apple for the latest technology (Bell, 2012). At this point, it seemed there was a lack of agreemen t on such terms and this completely shifted the nature of the agreement. This was the beginning of these negotiations in late February 2012 and Davidoff (2012 ), in his article revealed the nature of these negotiation as Apple would direct. According to Ogg (2012), the deal took a different turn with many consultations between the two parties over licencing, exclusivity, cost as well as issues over the new product and, as a result, Apple was unsatisfied with the proposed commercial agreement. On May 1, it made a counter proposal to AuthenTec’s negotiation team to acquire the company instead (Brian, 2012). In its proposal, Apple gave a price of $7.00 for each share, and valued the firm at a 115 percent of its previous day common stock ending price (Ogg, 2012). Apple knew that no other potential buyer would make such an incredible offer to AuthenTec and as such it began to intensify the negotiations. It also believed that AuthenTec technology would not benefit Apples rivals, wh o utilized different smart phone platforms (Brian, 2012). Apple’s products are known to have a narrow platform that is compatible with component parts of universal unit volumes. Nonetheless, Apple wanted this negotiations as quite as possible it appeared to value its privacy on this one, it did nothing as far as news releases on this deal were concern. AuthenTec on the other hand did not mention the acquisition, despite its penchant to news release on every issue (Davidoff, 2012 ). Ross et al. (2007) rightly express that acquisition process is the most dramatic and controversial undertaking in corporate finance (Ross et al., 2007). Apple did not want controversy surrounding the revelation of its true intention in the merger. Apple has long been known for its innovation, an asset that it has struggled to maintain since its last release. Apples innovation has put it at the top of the market with pundits valuing it at $1 trillion US dollar market cap (Wohlsen, 2013). The secrecy surrounding this deal was not only an indication of Apples reduced innovation, but protection of its reputation and market share, Apple was buying technology at a cost of $356 million. Acquisitions of this nature make headlines in the financial press, which could be scandalous (Ross et al., 2007). Subsequently, Apple proposed a transaction structure and timeline for the acquisition an indication that it needed something more than just AuthenTec, it needed its technology and it needed it fast. The Technology Integration Strategy At the pre-merger negotiation phase, the Apple negotiation team expressed their company’s desire for the process to move quickly as a result of its product plans as well as what it referred to as engineering efforts (Cheng, 2012). Apple was in a hurry and wanted the pre-merger negotiation rushed, due to its focus on timing. In addition, the company was against the auction process and threatened to rescind its proposal if AuthenTec further proposed alternative proposals (Cheng, 2012). It is important to note that since the beginning of these negotiations, at no point did AuthenTec filing indicate Apples intention to include neither hardware nor a soft ware feature. However, in Apple’s acquisition proposal to AutheTec, there was an inclusion of a $20 million IP agreement that gave it a free hand on the patents (Brian, 2012). These patents, AuthenTec, earlier in the strategic planning could have costed Apple as much as $115 million. The filing incorporated an agreement allowing Apple the right to have non-exclusive license as well as other rights that included hardware and software technology, as well as patents for the commercial use of 2D fingerprint security sensors intended for use in or with their products (Bell, 2012). Based on this, it is reasonable to assume that Apple’s intention was to acquire AuthenTec fingerprint technology that it planned on incorporating in its new eWallet also called â€Å"Passbook† (Bell, 2012). The Passbook was the long awaited application running on iOS 6 and was meant to serve as storage for tickets, loyalty cards and other packages; this device was to be a digital wallet that could also offer digital payments (Brian, 2012). It is also safe to assume that Apple’s idea was to incorporate a security feature that could verify payments and ensure that was not accessible to an authorized user in case it fell on wrong hands. On the other hand, prior to the acquisition deal, on May 8th 2012, AuthenTec had announced the introduction of the smart sensor; a security feature designed specifically NFC mobile. This was a 192 pixel by 8 pixel sensor that comprised of identifying finger prints alongside other sophisticated features such as the One Time Password (OTP) generator (Bell, 2012). In other words, this product was ideal in securing the Apple’s eWallet Passbook an innovation that came in time and they had to seize the opportunity. In addition, this sensor that was 1.3 mm could be assimilated in more than one application including a Home button. Apple was tactful in its negotiations as it had to meet specific deadlines. If it could finalize the deal fast enough, then it could have used the new technology in one of it’s yet to be released products. In fact there were secret reports of Apple launching it next generation iPhone later in September of 2012 and thereafter, the a 7.85-inch iPad. It makes sense to assume that this would give Apple a little under 90 days to embed this new technology in its products. Moreover, it is important to note that this could also have been relevant in the Apple’s computer line-up since there had been numerous fingerprint sensors given by AuthenTec for desktop computers for a long time (Neurotechnology, 2013). There was a possibility of this technology could make its debut in Apple’s Mac lineup. Nonetheless, the question was, it was this technology was developed for Apple, why was there the rush to settle the dealAnd is this not an indication that the technology was to be u sed before the end of the year 2012Well, if Apple needed a product, then it could have span out such technology from the iOS6 operating system which was to hit the market later on the same year. It is only possible and true that Apple had a perfect timing for the technology for use in one of its products due for release sooner. After consultations with its board alongside its investors, and following exploration of its ability to pursue acquisition deals with other electronic firms, AuthenTec put an offer of $9 for every share to Apple for continuity of the negotiations. However, Apple made a final bid of no more than $8.00 for each share, and consequently, in less than a month the two parties resolved to finalize the deal (Bell, 2012). This was not to be the end of this transaction as once again AuthenTec put a halt to it claiming that it had undertaken its due diligence and pending this resolution, it was not willing to proceed with the deal (Brian, 2012). This was not because it wanted to drop the deal, but rather the company had shifted its focus to licensure issue in regard to the new technology. Starting June 1 to 3rd of July 2012, the two firms embarked on developing the technology as needed by Apple and went on to thin out their differences in regard to acceptable commercial agreement terms (Cheng, 2012). This was revelation of how aggressively Apple was pursuing the technology for integration in its products. This was further strengthened by AuthenTec’s announcement that it had successfully completed and resolved its due diligence issues and that it had brought back the deal on the negotiation table (Ogg, 2012). July of 2012 saw the two companies iron out the issues that allowed AuthenTec to make the technology available to Apple while at the same time maintain an open bid for other interested companies (Brian, 2012). However, Apple insisted that development of the technology was to be on schedule regardless of the status of the deal and on the 19th of July both companies agreed on the contentious issues on the IP agreement and made an agreement (Brian, 2012). The Deal From the beginning, Apple had the intention of licensing the new technology from AuthenTec and utilize it in one of its yet to be released products. It was said that Apple was to officially release a new iPhone and talk of the 7.85-inch iPad were gaining pace (Slivka, 2012). As Ross et al.(2007) explain, one of the main disadvantages of a merger especially of such a nature, must be approved by AuthenTec stockholders, this has to be a two thirds approval. Having mentioned that, the fact that AuthenTec had submitted its proxy papers, its shareholder were yet to vote on the deal in question. This was certain to proceed regardless and in case AuthenTec wanted out for a bigger offer, it probably needed to have paid Apple $ 10 million. It did not matter whether the deal was complete or not, the new finger print technology was sure to end up in one of Apple’s products. In addition, in all the negotiations, Apple maintained that the development of the new technology was to continue n o matter whether it agreed with AuthenTec or not or even acquired the company. There were many negotiations between these companies, one that also involved other parties including Alston Bird and Piper Jaffray, and by the 26th of the same month, a deal was brokered and Apple agreed on $8 on each share alongside 20 million for the technology as well as $115 million for licensure of the technology (Brian, 2012). The following day on the 27th of July, announced a deal after it filed an 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Apple is did not waste time to incorporate the finger print sensor feature in its devices (Apple Inc, 2013). AuthenTec has been known to specialize in development of security hardware and software and it is possible that these could have found their way into the Apple’s devices including the desktop computers. However, these details are not easily available, but Apple’s aggressiveness in using such technology is a point of speculation that this is possible. Conclusion Apple Inc acquired AuthenTec in July of 2012 after intense negotiations. The deal that was worth $ 356 million dollars is said to be the biggest Apple has ever made. This paper has delved into the issue surrounding this merger. The paper asserts that the motivation behind this merger was the AuthenTec’s finger print sensor that Apple aggressively wanted to acquire. The sensor had a chip that could be incorporated in computers and more so a perfect fit for Apples products that run on a narrow platform that is compatible with component parts of universal unit volumes. However, the company wanted this negotiations as quiete as possible it appeared to value its privacy on this one, the tech firm did nothing as far as press releases on the deal. In addition, the new technology was useful to Apple as it could be relevant in the Apple’s computer line-up since there had been numerous fingerprint sensors provided by AuthenTec for PC computers for a long time. It makes sense to a ssume that Apple had the intention of licensing the finger print sensor from AuthenTec and utilize it in one of it’s products most likely the the 7.85-inch iPad, a talk that has gained pace. A close examination of the merger between these two companies reveal the fact that it was fuelled by Apples desire to utilize the new technology. Bibliography Apple Inc, 2013. iPhone 5s: About Touch ID security. [Online] Apple Inc Available at: http://support.apple.com/kb/ht5949 [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Bell, K., 2012. Apple’s Purchase Of AuthenTec Could Mean Future iOS Devices Will Unlock With Your Fingerprint. [Online] Available at: http://www.cultofmac.com/184996/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Brian, M., 2012. Why Apple really bought AuthenTec: It wanted â€Å"new technology† for upcoming products, and quickly. [Online] Available at: http://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/08/16/the-real-reason-apple-acquired-authentec-because-needed-new-technology-quickly-products/#!p3ghF [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Cheng, J., 2012. Apple wanted AuthenTec’s â€Å"new technology† ASAP for future products. [Online] Available at: http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/08/apple-wanted-authentecs-new-technology-asap-for-future-products/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Davidoff, S.M., 2012. Apple’s Quiet Deal for AuthenTec. The New York Times , 1 August. Jovanovic, Boyan Rousseau, P., 2002. The Q-theory of mergers. American Economic Review , 92, pp.198-204. Neurotechnology, 2013. AuthenTec AF-S2 (FingerLoc). [Online] Available at: http://www.neurotechnology.com/fingerprint-scanner-authentec-fingerloc-af-s2.html [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Ogg, E., 2012. Pre-merger, Apple, AuthenTec were working on new tech together. [Online] Gigaom Available at: http://gigaom.com/2012/08/16/pre-merger-apple-authentec-were-working-on-new-tech-together/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Purcher, J., 2012. Apple Invents Biometric Features for e-Commerce Security. [Online] Available at: http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2012/10/apple-invents-biometric-features-for-e-commerce-security.html [Accessed 16 December 2013]. Purcher, J., 2013. Apple’s Acquired Fingerprint Sensor Patent from AuthenTec Comes to Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2013/07/apples-acquired-fingerprint-sensor-patent-from-authentec-comes-to-light.html [Accessed 16 December 2013]. Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jordan, B. Roberts, G., 2007. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Higher Education. Slivka, E., 2012. Why Apple’s 7.85-Inch ‘iPad Mini’ Isn’t a 7-Inch Tablet. [Online] Available at: http://www.macrumors.com/2012/07/10/why-apples-7-85-inch-ipad-mini-isnt-a-7-inch-tablet/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Wohlsen, M., 2013. Apple’s Reputation for Innovation Is Now Its Greatest Liability. [Online] Available at: http://www.wired.com/business/2013/09/apple-annoucements/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. How to cite The Apple, Authentec Merger, Essay examples

Meiosis Vs. Meitosis Essay Example For Students

Meiosis Vs. Meitosis Essay More than one celled organisms grow by way of mitosis and the cytoplasmic division of body cells. On the other hand, meiosis occurs only in germ cells, which are put aside for the formation of gametes (sperm and egg). Reproduction by meiosis allows for species survival and it increases genetic variability. The process, during which the germ cells are generated is called meiosis. It represents natures solution to the problem of chromosome doubling that would occur, if two diploid cells, i.e. two cells with a double set of chromosomes would fuse. Accordingly does meiosis produce haploid germ cells, with maternal and paternal germ cell fusing at fertilization and thus generating a diploid fusion product, the zygote. Meiosis is made up by two subsequent processes, both of which resemble mitosis. In the first process are the homologous chromosomes separated. It has an unusually long prophase that is subdivided into different stages They are followed by metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Two nuclei fuse upon fertilization, so that the number of chromosomes does necessarily double. If this thought is spun further, would an greater growth of the number of chromosomes from generation to generation have to be expected. This is not the case, because the chromosomes are reduced to half their normal number in germ cell production. This process is called meiosis. It consists of two successive mitosis-like divisions: in the first division is the number of chromosomes reduced to their half, the second is a normal mitosis. Each germ cell contains a complete set of chromosomes, a haploid set. Accordingly are the cells haploid and zygotes and the body cells that stem from them are diploid, because they contain two equal sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. They exist, especially in plants. At the beginning of meiosis, in prophase 1 the plate breaksdown and chromosomes become visible as in mitosis (1). The chromosomes have replicated but individual chromatids are not visible. Instead of lining up on a metaphase, as in mitosis, chromosomes come together in pairs (2). Each chromosome in a pair is similar in structure (homologous), but would have come originally from different parents. Later in prophase the homologous pairs twist round each other and chromatids may cross over (3). Breaks occur at these crossovers or chiasmata, and pieces of chromatid are exchanged (4). Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase 2 to form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four haploid nuclei that wil l give rise gameteThe leptotene. This phase differs only slightly from the early stages of mitosis. Usually are the cells and nuclei of meiotic tissues bigger than that of their neighbouring tissues and often do they seem to be longer and are longitudinally structured. At regular intervals can thickenings be found, like beads on a string: the chromomeres. Their number, size and positioning is constant in each species. The zygotene. During this phase begins the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It is also called synapsis and the resulting structure synaptic complex. Directly after initiation of the process does the pairing spread like a zipper across the whole length of the chromosome. The pachytene. During the pachytene does the pairing stabilize. The number of synaptic complexes corresponds to the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of the respective species. The pairs are also called bivalents. The diplotene. The bivalents separate again. During this does it become visible tha t each chromosome is built of two chromatids, so that the whole complex stands still, four strands during the separation. Normally is the separation not accomplished, but the homologous chromosomes stick together at certain points, the chaismata. This state is marked by the formation of cross-like structures, single or multipleloops. The diakinesis is the continuation of the diplotene. It is usually difficult to mark an exact limit between both states. The chromosomes condense and become more compact. The metaphase. From now on do the processes resemble that of mitosis again. The nuclear membrane is completely dissolved, the mitotic spindle fully developed. The homologous chromosomes do still stay together. The anaphase. During anaphase are the homologous chromosomes separated from each other. It is followed by the telophase, then by interkinesis. Shortly afterwards occurs the second mitotic division with the usual states of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Here are the chromatids separated from each other. .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .postImageUrl , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:visited , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:active { border:0!important; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:active , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Information Systems EssayAs a result of the meiosis of a diploid cell form four haploid cells, of which one or all can develop into gametes. Mitosis is the process that facilitates the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups. Before the breakdown can occur, the chromosomes must become aligned so that the separation process can occur in an orderly fashion. The alignment of replicated chromosomes and their separation into two groups.Both the alignment and separation processes are the consequence of the chromosomes interacting with structures, known as microtubules. The microtubules become organized into an array known as a spindle, which forms early in mitosis, and then breaksdown as mitosis nears completion. Mitotic spindles are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope. Some of the spindle microtubules become attached to the chromosomes at sites known as kinetochores. They reside near the place on the chromosome known as its centromere, which can be observed with the light microscope. There are two kinetochores on each replicated chromosome (one on each chromatid), and whe n the replicated chromosome splits apart at its centromere at the onset of anaphase, each daughter chromosome possesses one centromere and one kinetochore. The linkages between kinetochores and microtubules are thought to be central in controlling both the positioning of the replicated chromosome at the central portion of the spindle during the alignment phase, and in moving the daughter chromosomes apart after they split at their centromeres. The separation of daughter cells from each other is a process known as cytokinesis, and is separate from mitosis. In cytokinesis, animal and plant cells differ considerably from each other. These differences are the consequence of having or not having a cell wall. During prophase, the replicated chromosomes undergo extensive condensation. The chromosomes are greatly thickened and shortened but are still contained within the nuclear envelope. Late in prophase, within some minutes of the nuclear envelope breakdown, the mitotic spindle begins to grow, and two zones become visible, with one on each side of the nucleus. With continued spindle expansion, the nucleus quickly becomes compressed and appears circular. Prophase ends with the sudden dispersion of the nuclear envelope, and the chromozone mass is no longer occupying a discrete, circular shape zone in the cell. Once the nuclear envelope has broken down, the spindle microtubules and the chromosomes are no longer separated by a membrane limit. The microtubules begin to interact with the chromosomes, and the chromosomes undergo a progressional movement, where they end up with their centromeres all situated in middle of the spindle, at a site known as the metaphase plate. Each kinetochore of the replicated chromosome is pointed toward one side of the spindle; later, in anaphase, each kinetochore moves to one of the two spindle pole regions as the daughter chromosome. The progress of chromosomes and the alignment of centromeres on the metaphase plate represent essential pr erequisites for the orderly separation of the replicated genome into two equal parts. The replicated chromosomes converge toward the center of the spindle, and once they get there, all movements cease. On either side of each centromere are sites for microtubule attachment to the chromosome; electron microscopists called these plate-like structures kinetochores. The kinetochores are not visible with the light microscope. At several points during metaphase, the chromatid arms may unwind from each other. This unwinding is especially apparent late in metaphase, just 1 or 2 minutes before the chromatids will split apart at their centromeres, with each replicated chromosome giving rise to two daughter chromosomes. Anaphase commences with the initial splitting of sister chromatids at their centromeres. These daughter chromosomes then begin to separate from each other, each moving away from the metaphase plate and toward one of the two spindle pole regions. The mechanisms that control chrom osome separation clearly involve the interactions between microtubules and components in or near the kinetochore. Sometime after anaphase onset, the chromosomes have moved close to the spindle pole regions, and the spindle middle begins to clear. In this middle region of the spindle, a thin line of vesicles begins to grow. The vesicle aggregation event is a harbinger to the assembly of a new cell wall that will be positioned midway along the length of the original cell. It will form the boundary between the newly separating daughter cells. This basket shaped structure forms in late anaphase or early telophase and breaksdown about the time that the vesicles begin to grow. .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .postImageUrl , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:visited , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:active { border:0!important; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:active , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Presonal Writing: My First Impression Of My Teache EssayIn Meiosis and Meitosis we deal with many of the same stages that it takes to create a new life form. Cell Division in meiosis and meitosis are very similar in that they can create and vary cell formation to adapt to certain applications,