A Literature Review on International Business - 8061 Words

A Literature Review on International Business Introduction Engaging in international business is one of the most important factors that a businessman must consider in order to gain more financial strength and stability for his company. One reason of investing to other countries provides a much larger opportunity for growth. But the success of a business also depends on choosing the right country to transact with, and having the ability to negotiate with that country in terms of their rules and policies, in a fairly considerable way. To be able to do this would guarantee both countries’ relationship to be beneficial. On the other hand, most developed countries trade and invest with developing countries because of less competition in†¦show more content†¦The operation of domestic firm in overseas branches is one of the studies that should be taken to consideration in international business. One example of this is a Japanese firm can have its branch in other countries. Toyota of Philippines is considered as a domestic firm in an overseas branch. Farmer and Richman (1966) stated that this type of international business involves a management dimension in a foreign environment, and as such is one of the most complex and interesting types of international business studies. Firms cannot assume in this case that management problems will be identical to those faced at home. The import and export trade is also an important branch in business internationally for it involves the purchasing of products by a local firm, like Bangladesh from other local firms in foreign countries, e.g. Australia and sell them in Bangladesh, or an that manufacturer may sell his domestically produced products abroad. Farmer and Richman (1966) stressed that this area of study has long been of interest to economists, since the flows of international trade have considerable impact on the development and operations of the local economy. The comparative management in international business refers toShow MoreRelatedStandardization in Internat ional Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodological Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesStandardization in International Marketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. 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Berlucchi Market Analysis - 7005 Words

------------------------------------------------- Berlucchi ------------------------------------------------- Marketing Plan 2012 Table of contents Executive Summary Introduction Guido Berlucchi amp; Co. SpA is one of Italy’s leading sparkling wine producers. After years of outstanding success, the company finds itself facing a stable market, with competition becoming even more intense, distribution more complex and consumers more sophisticated. The executive Committee is convinced that the strategy that drove the company’s development in its first 40 years needs to open up a new growth path, thus this marketing plan for the strategy for the upcoming three years. External Analysis Customer analysis Approximately 35% of†¦show more content†¦Competitive analysis Direct Competitors Listed below are the top 3 sparkling wines in the US at the current moment. They all fall in the range of our target customers in terms of their taste and their prices making them a direct threat and therefore a direct competitor. JCB by Jean-Charles Boisset No. 69 Burgundy, France ------------------------------------------------- Jean-Charles Boissets JCB wines are made entirely from Pinot Noir grapes grown in the Burgundy region of France, this refreshing rosà © is light and crisp, offering raspberry and red currant aromas. Many wine lovers associate this brand with romantic outings. It is currently listed as number one on the top sparkling wines in the US available at only 7 stores, and at a very affordably price it is sure to be serious competitor. Price: $20 ------------------------------------------------- Toso Brut Mendoza, Argentina Toso has been producing sparkling wines in the Mendoza wine region of Argentina for 85 years. Their non-vintage brut is made entirely from Chardonnay grapes. Light and refreshing, it offers aromas of lemon and apple with buttery and toasty notes. It is very popular in the US with people looking for something inexpensive, well made, clean and bubbly especially for large events like weddings, receptions and birthday parties.

The Apple, Authentec Merger Free Essays

Abstract This paper critically evaluates the merger between Apple Inc and AuthenTec that took place on the 26th July 2012. The paper analyses the process of the negotiations and with a keen interest on the motivation behind the deal. This is Apple’s biggest deal ever and there are many questions pointing at the reason and the speed of this merger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apple, Authentec Merger or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper delves into the timing of the negotiations examining indicators that could reveal any hidden motives that Apple could have had that led to the signing of the final agreement. The paper uses a theoretical lens to explain the occurrences, the nature of negotiations and who actually exerted pressure on the process and the reason why. The paper investigates the relationship between Apple’s aggressiveness and the pending release of its new product. Introduction Fingerprint sensor technology company AuthenTec Inc announced its acquisition by Apple on July 27. The agreement was at $356 million and was to be the biggest acquisition in Apples 36 year period, in operation. A year after Apple Inc (AAPL.O) acquired AuthenTec Inc AUTH; a patent application was made public by the US Patent Trademark Office (Purcher, 2012). This application from Apple pointed at a new technology for the iPhone and its other devices, a security feature that would incorporate fingerprint scanner. Interesting was the fact that this technology was acquired from AuthenTec. Purcher (2013) explains that Apple had made such applications earlier in 2009, an indicator that it was interested in fingerprint scanners for its future devices. It appears that this research was at an advanced stage in 2012 with the revelation that this technology would be used together with face or Retina recognition as a sophisticated security measure on its iPhone and MAC. The Q-Theory of Mergers explains that mergers can be used as means for technology transfer and capital reallocation (Jovanovic et al., 2002). This paper focuses on the former in regard to the merger and acquisition in question. It is the light of this argument that this investigation delves into the background of this deal, Apples agenda and maneuvers and the eventual take over to bring to light its real purpose. The Process According to Brian (2012), the negotiations between AuthenTec and Apple started towards the end of 2011 with a simple approach by AuthenTec whether Apple would be interested in implementing its latest technology. Brian’s (2012), revelation extends to the fact that Apple was not the only company that Authentic approached and despite its wealthy customer base that included â€Å"Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco, Fujitsu, HBO, HP, Lenovo, LG, Motorola, Nokia, Orange, Samsung, Sky, and Texas Instruments† (Brian, 2012), Its only Apple that responded to AuthenTec’s approach and by showing interest in developing the technology. At this moment, it appeared as though the main reason Apple was interested in commercially pursuing this technology was cost. Nonetheless, the negotiations began with the focus turning to the extent to which Authentic would grant intellectual property (IP) to Apple for the latest technology (Bell, 2012). At this point, it seemed there was a lack of agreemen t on such terms and this completely shifted the nature of the agreement. This was the beginning of these negotiations in late February 2012 and Davidoff (2012 ), in his article revealed the nature of these negotiation as Apple would direct. According to Ogg (2012), the deal took a different turn with many consultations between the two parties over licencing, exclusivity, cost as well as issues over the new product and, as a result, Apple was unsatisfied with the proposed commercial agreement. On May 1, it made a counter proposal to AuthenTec’s negotiation team to acquire the company instead (Brian, 2012). In its proposal, Apple gave a price of $7.00 for each share, and valued the firm at a 115 percent of its previous day common stock ending price (Ogg, 2012). Apple knew that no other potential buyer would make such an incredible offer to AuthenTec and as such it began to intensify the negotiations. It also believed that AuthenTec technology would not benefit Apples rivals, wh o utilized different smart phone platforms (Brian, 2012). Apple’s products are known to have a narrow platform that is compatible with component parts of universal unit volumes. Nonetheless, Apple wanted this negotiations as quite as possible it appeared to value its privacy on this one, it did nothing as far as news releases on this deal were concern. AuthenTec on the other hand did not mention the acquisition, despite its penchant to news release on every issue (Davidoff, 2012 ). Ross et al. (2007) rightly express that acquisition process is the most dramatic and controversial undertaking in corporate finance (Ross et al., 2007). Apple did not want controversy surrounding the revelation of its true intention in the merger. Apple has long been known for its innovation, an asset that it has struggled to maintain since its last release. Apples innovation has put it at the top of the market with pundits valuing it at $1 trillion US dollar market cap (Wohlsen, 2013). The secrecy surrounding this deal was not only an indication of Apples reduced innovation, but protection of its reputation and market share, Apple was buying technology at a cost of $356 million. Acquisitions of this nature make headlines in the financial press, which could be scandalous (Ross et al., 2007). Subsequently, Apple proposed a transaction structure and timeline for the acquisition an indication that it needed something more than just AuthenTec, it needed its technology and it needed it fast. The Technology Integration Strategy At the pre-merger negotiation phase, the Apple negotiation team expressed their company’s desire for the process to move quickly as a result of its product plans as well as what it referred to as engineering efforts (Cheng, 2012). Apple was in a hurry and wanted the pre-merger negotiation rushed, due to its focus on timing. In addition, the company was against the auction process and threatened to rescind its proposal if AuthenTec further proposed alternative proposals (Cheng, 2012). It is important to note that since the beginning of these negotiations, at no point did AuthenTec filing indicate Apples intention to include neither hardware nor a soft ware feature. However, in Apple’s acquisition proposal to AutheTec, there was an inclusion of a $20 million IP agreement that gave it a free hand on the patents (Brian, 2012). These patents, AuthenTec, earlier in the strategic planning could have costed Apple as much as $115 million. The filing incorporated an agreement allowing Apple the right to have non-exclusive license as well as other rights that included hardware and software technology, as well as patents for the commercial use of 2D fingerprint security sensors intended for use in or with their products (Bell, 2012). Based on this, it is reasonable to assume that Apple’s intention was to acquire AuthenTec fingerprint technology that it planned on incorporating in its new eWallet also called â€Å"Passbook† (Bell, 2012). The Passbook was the long awaited application running on iOS 6 and was meant to serve as storage for tickets, loyalty cards and other packages; this device was to be a digital wallet that could also offer digital payments (Brian, 2012). It is also safe to assume that Apple’s idea was to incorporate a security feature that could verify payments and ensure that was not accessible to an authorized user in case it fell on wrong hands. On the other hand, prior to the acquisition deal, on May 8th 2012, AuthenTec had announced the introduction of the smart sensor; a security feature designed specifically NFC mobile. This was a 192 pixel by 8 pixel sensor that comprised of identifying finger prints alongside other sophisticated features such as the One Time Password (OTP) generator (Bell, 2012). In other words, this product was ideal in securing the Apple’s eWallet Passbook an innovation that came in time and they had to seize the opportunity. In addition, this sensor that was 1.3 mm could be assimilated in more than one application including a Home button. Apple was tactful in its negotiations as it had to meet specific deadlines. If it could finalize the deal fast enough, then it could have used the new technology in one of it’s yet to be released products. In fact there were secret reports of Apple launching it next generation iPhone later in September of 2012 and thereafter, the a 7.85-inch iPad. It makes sense to assume that this would give Apple a little under 90 days to embed this new technology in its products. Moreover, it is important to note that this could also have been relevant in the Apple’s computer line-up since there had been numerous fingerprint sensors given by AuthenTec for desktop computers for a long time (Neurotechnology, 2013). There was a possibility of this technology could make its debut in Apple’s Mac lineup. Nonetheless, the question was, it was this technology was developed for Apple, why was there the rush to settle the dealAnd is this not an indication that the technology was to be u sed before the end of the year 2012Well, if Apple needed a product, then it could have span out such technology from the iOS6 operating system which was to hit the market later on the same year. It is only possible and true that Apple had a perfect timing for the technology for use in one of its products due for release sooner. After consultations with its board alongside its investors, and following exploration of its ability to pursue acquisition deals with other electronic firms, AuthenTec put an offer of $9 for every share to Apple for continuity of the negotiations. However, Apple made a final bid of no more than $8.00 for each share, and consequently, in less than a month the two parties resolved to finalize the deal (Bell, 2012). This was not to be the end of this transaction as once again AuthenTec put a halt to it claiming that it had undertaken its due diligence and pending this resolution, it was not willing to proceed with the deal (Brian, 2012). This was not because it wanted to drop the deal, but rather the company had shifted its focus to licensure issue in regard to the new technology. Starting June 1 to 3rd of July 2012, the two firms embarked on developing the technology as needed by Apple and went on to thin out their differences in regard to acceptable commercial agreement terms (Cheng, 2012). This was revelation of how aggressively Apple was pursuing the technology for integration in its products. This was further strengthened by AuthenTec’s announcement that it had successfully completed and resolved its due diligence issues and that it had brought back the deal on the negotiation table (Ogg, 2012). July of 2012 saw the two companies iron out the issues that allowed AuthenTec to make the technology available to Apple while at the same time maintain an open bid for other interested companies (Brian, 2012). However, Apple insisted that development of the technology was to be on schedule regardless of the status of the deal and on the 19th of July both companies agreed on the contentious issues on the IP agreement and made an agreement (Brian, 2012). The Deal From the beginning, Apple had the intention of licensing the new technology from AuthenTec and utilize it in one of its yet to be released products. It was said that Apple was to officially release a new iPhone and talk of the 7.85-inch iPad were gaining pace (Slivka, 2012). As Ross et al.(2007) explain, one of the main disadvantages of a merger especially of such a nature, must be approved by AuthenTec stockholders, this has to be a two thirds approval. Having mentioned that, the fact that AuthenTec had submitted its proxy papers, its shareholder were yet to vote on the deal in question. This was certain to proceed regardless and in case AuthenTec wanted out for a bigger offer, it probably needed to have paid Apple $ 10 million. It did not matter whether the deal was complete or not, the new finger print technology was sure to end up in one of Apple’s products. In addition, in all the negotiations, Apple maintained that the development of the new technology was to continue n o matter whether it agreed with AuthenTec or not or even acquired the company. There were many negotiations between these companies, one that also involved other parties including Alston Bird and Piper Jaffray, and by the 26th of the same month, a deal was brokered and Apple agreed on $8 on each share alongside 20 million for the technology as well as $115 million for licensure of the technology (Brian, 2012). The following day on the 27th of July, announced a deal after it filed an 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Apple is did not waste time to incorporate the finger print sensor feature in its devices (Apple Inc, 2013). AuthenTec has been known to specialize in development of security hardware and software and it is possible that these could have found their way into the Apple’s devices including the desktop computers. However, these details are not easily available, but Apple’s aggressiveness in using such technology is a point of speculation that this is possible. Conclusion Apple Inc acquired AuthenTec in July of 2012 after intense negotiations. The deal that was worth $ 356 million dollars is said to be the biggest Apple has ever made. This paper has delved into the issue surrounding this merger. The paper asserts that the motivation behind this merger was the AuthenTec’s finger print sensor that Apple aggressively wanted to acquire. The sensor had a chip that could be incorporated in computers and more so a perfect fit for Apples products that run on a narrow platform that is compatible with component parts of universal unit volumes. However, the company wanted this negotiations as quiete as possible it appeared to value its privacy on this one, the tech firm did nothing as far as press releases on the deal. In addition, the new technology was useful to Apple as it could be relevant in the Apple’s computer line-up since there had been numerous fingerprint sensors provided by AuthenTec for PC computers for a long time. It makes sense to a ssume that Apple had the intention of licensing the finger print sensor from AuthenTec and utilize it in one of it’s products most likely the the 7.85-inch iPad, a talk that has gained pace. A close examination of the merger between these two companies reveal the fact that it was fuelled by Apples desire to utilize the new technology. Bibliography Apple Inc, 2013. iPhone 5s: About Touch ID security. [Online] Apple Inc Available at: http://support.apple.com/kb/ht5949 [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Bell, K., 2012. Apple’s Purchase Of AuthenTec Could Mean Future iOS Devices Will Unlock With Your Fingerprint. [Online] Available at: http://www.cultofmac.com/184996/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Brian, M., 2012. Why Apple really bought AuthenTec: It wanted â€Å"new technology† for upcoming products, and quickly. [Online] Available at: http://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/08/16/the-real-reason-apple-acquired-authentec-because-needed-new-technology-quickly-products/#!p3ghF [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Cheng, J., 2012. Apple wanted AuthenTec’s â€Å"new technology† ASAP for future products. [Online] Available at: http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/08/apple-wanted-authentecs-new-technology-asap-for-future-products/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Davidoff, S.M., 2012. Apple’s Quiet Deal for AuthenTec. The New York Times , 1 August. Jovanovic, Boyan Rousseau, P., 2002. The Q-theory of mergers. American Economic Review , 92, pp.198-204. Neurotechnology, 2013. AuthenTec AF-S2 (FingerLoc). [Online] Available at: http://www.neurotechnology.com/fingerprint-scanner-authentec-fingerloc-af-s2.html [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Ogg, E., 2012. Pre-merger, Apple, AuthenTec were working on new tech together. [Online] Gigaom Available at: http://gigaom.com/2012/08/16/pre-merger-apple-authentec-were-working-on-new-tech-together/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Purcher, J., 2012. Apple Invents Biometric Features for e-Commerce Security. [Online] Available at: http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2012/10/apple-invents-biometric-features-for-e-commerce-security.html [Accessed 16 December 2013]. Purcher, J., 2013. Apple’s Acquired Fingerprint Sensor Patent from AuthenTec Comes to Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2013/07/apples-acquired-fingerprint-sensor-patent-from-authentec-comes-to-light.html [Accessed 16 December 2013]. Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jordan, B. Roberts, G., 2007. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Higher Education. Slivka, E., 2012. Why Apple’s 7.85-Inch ‘iPad Mini’ Isn’t a 7-Inch Tablet. [Online] Available at: http://www.macrumors.com/2012/07/10/why-apples-7-85-inch-ipad-mini-isnt-a-7-inch-tablet/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Wohlsen, M., 2013. Apple’s Reputation for Innovation Is Now Its Greatest Liability. [Online] Available at: http://www.wired.com/business/2013/09/apple-annoucements/ [Accessed 17 December 2013]. How to cite The Apple, Authentec Merger, Essay examples

Meiosis Vs. Meitosis Essay Example For Students

Meiosis Vs. Meitosis Essay More than one celled organisms grow by way of mitosis and the cytoplasmic division of body cells. On the other hand, meiosis occurs only in germ cells, which are put aside for the formation of gametes (sperm and egg). Reproduction by meiosis allows for species survival and it increases genetic variability. The process, during which the germ cells are generated is called meiosis. It represents natures solution to the problem of chromosome doubling that would occur, if two diploid cells, i.e. two cells with a double set of chromosomes would fuse. Accordingly does meiosis produce haploid germ cells, with maternal and paternal germ cell fusing at fertilization and thus generating a diploid fusion product, the zygote. Meiosis is made up by two subsequent processes, both of which resemble mitosis. In the first process are the homologous chromosomes separated. It has an unusually long prophase that is subdivided into different stages They are followed by metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Two nuclei fuse upon fertilization, so that the number of chromosomes does necessarily double. If this thought is spun further, would an greater growth of the number of chromosomes from generation to generation have to be expected. This is not the case, because the chromosomes are reduced to half their normal number in germ cell production. This process is called meiosis. It consists of two successive mitosis-like divisions: in the first division is the number of chromosomes reduced to their half, the second is a normal mitosis. Each germ cell contains a complete set of chromosomes, a haploid set. Accordingly are the cells haploid and zygotes and the body cells that stem from them are diploid, because they contain two equal sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. They exist, especially in plants. At the beginning of meiosis, in prophase 1 the plate breaksdown and chromosomes become visible as in mitosis (1). The chromosomes have replicated but individual chromatids are not visible. Instead of lining up on a metaphase, as in mitosis, chromosomes come together in pairs (2). Each chromosome in a pair is similar in structure (homologous), but would have come originally from different parents. Later in prophase the homologous pairs twist round each other and chromatids may cross over (3). Breaks occur at these crossovers or chiasmata, and pieces of chromatid are exchanged (4). Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase 2 to form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four haploid nuclei that wil l give rise gameteThe leptotene. This phase differs only slightly from the early stages of mitosis. Usually are the cells and nuclei of meiotic tissues bigger than that of their neighbouring tissues and often do they seem to be longer and are longitudinally structured. At regular intervals can thickenings be found, like beads on a string: the chromomeres. Their number, size and positioning is constant in each species. The zygotene. During this phase begins the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It is also called synapsis and the resulting structure synaptic complex. Directly after initiation of the process does the pairing spread like a zipper across the whole length of the chromosome. The pachytene. During the pachytene does the pairing stabilize. The number of synaptic complexes corresponds to the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of the respective species. The pairs are also called bivalents. The diplotene. The bivalents separate again. During this does it become visible tha t each chromosome is built of two chromatids, so that the whole complex stands still, four strands during the separation. Normally is the separation not accomplished, but the homologous chromosomes stick together at certain points, the chaismata. This state is marked by the formation of cross-like structures, single or multipleloops. The diakinesis is the continuation of the diplotene. It is usually difficult to mark an exact limit between both states. The chromosomes condense and become more compact. The metaphase. From now on do the processes resemble that of mitosis again. The nuclear membrane is completely dissolved, the mitotic spindle fully developed. The homologous chromosomes do still stay together. The anaphase. During anaphase are the homologous chromosomes separated from each other. It is followed by the telophase, then by interkinesis. Shortly afterwards occurs the second mitotic division with the usual states of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Here are the chromatids separated from each other. .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .postImageUrl , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:visited , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:active { border:0!important; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:active , .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1 .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue015f006a9a182d98a122831ad6048c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Information Systems EssayAs a result of the meiosis of a diploid cell form four haploid cells, of which one or all can develop into gametes. Mitosis is the process that facilitates the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups. Before the breakdown can occur, the chromosomes must become aligned so that the separation process can occur in an orderly fashion. The alignment of replicated chromosomes and their separation into two groups.Both the alignment and separation processes are the consequence of the chromosomes interacting with structures, known as microtubules. The microtubules become organized into an array known as a spindle, which forms early in mitosis, and then breaksdown as mitosis nears completion. Mitotic spindles are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope. Some of the spindle microtubules become attached to the chromosomes at sites known as kinetochores. They reside near the place on the chromosome known as its centromere, which can be observed with the light microscope. There are two kinetochores on each replicated chromosome (one on each chromatid), and whe n the replicated chromosome splits apart at its centromere at the onset of anaphase, each daughter chromosome possesses one centromere and one kinetochore. The linkages between kinetochores and microtubules are thought to be central in controlling both the positioning of the replicated chromosome at the central portion of the spindle during the alignment phase, and in moving the daughter chromosomes apart after they split at their centromeres. The separation of daughter cells from each other is a process known as cytokinesis, and is separate from mitosis. In cytokinesis, animal and plant cells differ considerably from each other. These differences are the consequence of having or not having a cell wall. During prophase, the replicated chromosomes undergo extensive condensation. The chromosomes are greatly thickened and shortened but are still contained within the nuclear envelope. Late in prophase, within some minutes of the nuclear envelope breakdown, the mitotic spindle begins to grow, and two zones become visible, with one on each side of the nucleus. With continued spindle expansion, the nucleus quickly becomes compressed and appears circular. Prophase ends with the sudden dispersion of the nuclear envelope, and the chromozone mass is no longer occupying a discrete, circular shape zone in the cell. Once the nuclear envelope has broken down, the spindle microtubules and the chromosomes are no longer separated by a membrane limit. The microtubules begin to interact with the chromosomes, and the chromosomes undergo a progressional movement, where they end up with their centromeres all situated in middle of the spindle, at a site known as the metaphase plate. Each kinetochore of the replicated chromosome is pointed toward one side of the spindle; later, in anaphase, each kinetochore moves to one of the two spindle pole regions as the daughter chromosome. The progress of chromosomes and the alignment of centromeres on the metaphase plate represent essential pr erequisites for the orderly separation of the replicated genome into two equal parts. The replicated chromosomes converge toward the center of the spindle, and once they get there, all movements cease. On either side of each centromere are sites for microtubule attachment to the chromosome; electron microscopists called these plate-like structures kinetochores. The kinetochores are not visible with the light microscope. At several points during metaphase, the chromatid arms may unwind from each other. This unwinding is especially apparent late in metaphase, just 1 or 2 minutes before the chromatids will split apart at their centromeres, with each replicated chromosome giving rise to two daughter chromosomes. Anaphase commences with the initial splitting of sister chromatids at their centromeres. These daughter chromosomes then begin to separate from each other, each moving away from the metaphase plate and toward one of the two spindle pole regions. The mechanisms that control chrom osome separation clearly involve the interactions between microtubules and components in or near the kinetochore. Sometime after anaphase onset, the chromosomes have moved close to the spindle pole regions, and the spindle middle begins to clear. In this middle region of the spindle, a thin line of vesicles begins to grow. The vesicle aggregation event is a harbinger to the assembly of a new cell wall that will be positioned midway along the length of the original cell. It will form the boundary between the newly separating daughter cells. This basket shaped structure forms in late anaphase or early telophase and breaksdown about the time that the vesicles begin to grow. .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .postImageUrl , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:visited , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:active { border:0!important; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:active , .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2 .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9425756059479346be84bb3481ae10b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Presonal Writing: My First Impression Of My Teache EssayIn Meiosis and Meitosis we deal with many of the same stages that it takes to create a new life form. Cell Division in meiosis and meitosis are very similar in that they can create and vary cell formation to adapt to certain applications,

Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction Essay Example

Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction Paper While molecules in diffusion move down a concentration gradient, molecules during osmosis both move down a concentration gradient as well as across it. Both diffusion, and osmosis are types of passive transport, which do not require help. When the concentration of the environment outside of the cell is lower than the inside of the cell, this is called a hypotonic solution. In hypotonic solutions, when water moves into the cell they burst, which is known as lists. A hypersonic solution is when the concentration of outside the cell is higher than the inside of the cell. In hypersonic solutions, water moves out of the cell, making the cell lose water and shrink; this is called creation. An isotonic solution is when the concentration of dissolved molecules is the same both inside and outside of the cell. Thus there is no net movement. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate whether osmosis occurs across the membrane of potato cells. Hypothesis The potato that will be more hypersonic to the sucrose solution will gain weight, whereas the potato when hypotonic to the solution will lose weight. When the potato is most isotonic the similarity of the potato will be 0. . Materials 1 potato 7 250-ml Beakers Sucrose Solutions: 0. 1 (M) Razor Blade Denizen Water (0 molar) Balance that weighs to the nearest 0. 01 Cork Borer Paper Towels Calculator Metric Ruler Methods To perform this experiment seven 250-ml beakers were obtained, rinsed thoroughly and dried with a paper towel. Next a small amount of tape was applied on the beakers and labeled accordingl y to the sucrose solution molarities. Each beaker received 100-ml of the various solutions. However one beaker received 100 ml of Denizen water with a molarities of 0. . Afterwards a cork borer was pushed through the potato and was twisted back and forth. Once the borer was filled it was removed from the potato. Pushing the potato cylinder out of the borer, this this step was repeated six more times in order to get seven undamaged potato cylinders. Using a sharp razor blade, the potato cylinders were both cut to a uniform length of about CM, and were removed of their potato skins. The potato pieces were also cut in half to give the cells a greater reface area in which it was easier to absorb the solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report Introduction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the cylinders were weighed on a balance and the data was recorded in Table 4 Using the razor blade each potato was cut lengthwise into two long halves. Then the potato pieces were transferred to the water beaker and the time they were submerged was recorded. This step was repeated for all potato cylinders in which the pieces were placed in solutions O. 1 to 0. 6 M. The potatoes were incubated for ninety minutes. At the end of the incubation period the time was recorded. Then the potato piece was removed form the first sample. Next potato pieces were weighed the and the final weight was recorded in Table 4. This procedure was repeated until all samples had been weighed and recorded in the chronological order they were initially placed in the test solution. Afterwards the table was completed by recording the weight change and percentage change. In order to calculate the final percentage change of weight the formula that would be needed is (weight change)/(initial change) X 100. The data received at the end was not normal; therefore each potato cylinder was weighed again, and recorded on two different scales.

asia essays

asia essays A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. It is hard to understand what these declines will actualy do to the world market. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devaluations, bad banking practices, high foreign debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asia's large impact on the world economy, the panic in Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, and other Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations. The countries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as "Tiger" economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. For these countries to participate effectively in the exchange of goods, services, and assets, an international monetary system is needed to facilitate economic transactions. To be effective in facilitating movement in goods, services, and assets, a monetary system most importantly requires an efficient balance of payments adjustment mechanism so that deficits and surpluses are not prolonged but are eliminated with relative ease in a reasonably short time period. The Asian crisis of recent falls into this category of inefficient balance of payments facilitated by depreciation of its currency. By competitively depreciating its currencies, Asia is exporting its deflation, its overcapacity and its lack of growth to the West, particularly to the US. No other group of countries in the world has produced more rapid economic growth and dramatic reduction in poverty than East Asia. Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand have virtually eliminated absolute poverty, and Indonesia is within reach of that goal. Nevertheless, this financial crisis has exposed weaknesses in A...

Final Exam E-commrece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final Exam E-commrece - Essay Example This undertaking was also meant to help organizations to handle their business operation through business-to-business sites and all other companies globally (Laudon and Traver, 39). Generally, e-commerce can also be referred to as refashioning the method in which goods and services are bought. The individuals who created this type of commerce meant it to make people do away with the traditional way of making money and start using the technological way. In the recent years it has been noted that the number of people who transact business online increase as days go by. This gives a clear impression that the vision of those who started this plan came to pass. There are many individuals these days that use the internet to transact business especially large companies that have many branches in different geographical regions. There are many individuals in the current society who carry out their businesses online because with the increasing use of technology the number of businesses that ca n be undertaken by an individual is high. For such people to manage all the businesses effectively, they choose to undertake them online so that they can monitor all the activities at the right time making certain that every operation is done as expected (Laudon and Traver, 67). With the large companies a managing director is not able to make himself available in every organizational branch which means that the monitoring of activities in all branches is done using the web. In the contemporary society people are able to sell products to those that are far away using the web and this satisfies the thought that the traditional ways of transacting businesses are no longer practiced today. What are the key challenges facing the online newspaper industry? According to Laudon, there are many challenges faced by the online newspaper industry. Among these challenges is the high price of newsprint. The amount of money needed for a newspaper industry to be able to publish all the happenings i s high. This means that the money received through sales by organization doing it online is less compared to the amount used to print the details. It gives a clear impression that companies transacting newspaper business online are not able to make profits s expected. The other challenge is competition. In the contemporary society, individual who sell newspapers are increasing in number giving a clear impression that those who purchase their newspapers online are very few. Many individuals prefer buying them instead of purchasing them online. Incoherent advertising sales are another problem faced by the online newspaper industry (Laudon and Traver, 110). This means that most of the time there is confusion and the wrong newspapers can be advertised or wrong information placed in the wrong newspaper. With such confusion, the clients that have their newspapers online reduces making the industry have less returns due to less amount gathered from online sales. In the recent years, the nu mber of newspapers scheduled for closure has increased. This means that the online companies that major on certain newspapers are as well likely to close down. It becomes an advantage to those companies that major on several newspapers so that if some are closed down then they are able to sell the others. For those that concentrate on one line

Test study guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Test study guide - Assignment Example He painted accurately the body and nature, instead of exaggeration. In Lamentation a 3-d feel becomes apparent. The viewer can almost become part of the painting. This fresco depicts humans holding the dead body of Christ, while angels hover above. 3 Recognize the style of Italian Renaissance sculpture and painting. (You do not need to visually distinguish between Early, High or â€Å"Mannerism†). The Italian Renaissance style was more of a realistic approach. Proper proportions and scenes that depicted nature as real were the style of this period. 4 What is the meaning of the word â€Å"Renaissance?† From lecture information, describe the context in which the â€Å"Renaissance† emerged in Italy. Renaissance means rebirth or revival. The Renaissance was a renewal or birth of Latin and Greek classic thinking and studies. 5 What is â€Å"Humanism†? How did artists and intellectuals reconcile Christianity with Humanism? Humanism centers around human thoughts and knowledge. Artists and intellectuals reconciled Christianity with Humanism by studying the relations of humans to spirituality and divine issues. 6 How did Renaissance ideas about the role of human beings differ from the medieval period? The Renaissance focused more on logic and human thought in life, whereas the medieval period focused more on religion and the afterlife. 7 What was Albertis contribution to the Italian Renaissance painting style? According to him, what should good paintings include (what were his â€Å"rules† for painting)? Albertis contribution was the rules for painting three dimensional subjects on a flat surface. Good paintings â€Å"will include all ages of man and both sexes as well as animals of all sorts.† 8 What is mathematical (or linear) perspective? What is a vanishing point? A perspective in drawing and painting where parallel lines are converging so as to give the illusion of depth and distance. The

Nutrition in Our Schools Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nutrition in Our Schools - Research Proposal Example It is imperative that this problem is dealt with and addressed with the urgency it deserves. We should, therefore, emphasize educating our youth especially teenagers and use them as missionaries to educate the entire community across Florida. This will extend to the rest of America and the world as a whole about the alarming effects of this problem. Due to the lapse of nutritional sense in America, I have taken it as my agenda to the champion teaching of nutrition classes among teens in Florida. This is so that we can have a breeding ground where we can get personnel who can tackle this problem in the near future in Florida and across the globe. This will in a great way help get rid our region certain self-inflicting diseases and turn better the health of our future. With this, many people taking poor diets, one has to really ask: who is actually paying attention to what is going on persons taking poor nutritional diets?  Currently, the negative impacts on health have been predominantly caused by poor nutrition. As a result, the latest statistics are above board and stress further the need for the urgent remedy through teen education. For instance, it has been noted that 11% of high school students suffer from nutritional disorders, and 30% is the percentage of persons who die because of disabilities. It has also been noted t hat 33% of persons losing their lives due to cancer all trace their way back to poor nutrition. The teenagers that we endeavor to empower have also been revealed by statistics to have very serious problems. This is especially young women whereby 90% of those who suffer from nutritional disorders who are within the range of 12-25 years are actually women. The numbers of child deaths, which are cancer-related are about 50% (Caroldo 58).

How Do We Measure Success In Society?

How Do We Measure Success In Society? Successful individual is found in many places now days. Many people say that they are a successful person. For them they are successful with their life and they make people see them being successful also, this makes others call them a successful individual. Someone who has no ambition or any goals can neither be said success nor failure. Life is not a contest therefore there is nothing to be judged. There are many reason or many qualities to justify a person as a successful individual. A successful individual maybe said as someone who is very happy in their life and very contented with their professional or even their career and also with their family or their personal life. A persons successfulness also can be said because of the money and the fame they have. There are many ways to say that a person is successful. There are many different qualities that make an individual to be said as a successful person. For me, there are a number of qualities that make me justified in calling a p erson successful. The very first quality that I feel justified in calling a person successful is their willingness in doing a work. A person who really wants to be successful is always willing to dig into things deeper and do all the work given to them correctly. A successful person is always willing to do whatever it takes to create the life they want. They are people who make their life successful, they create their own life, they are not the type of people who says that fate is everything, and let the fate do its work. For me, this is the first quality of a successful individual, their willingness. Secondly, I think that a person with open mind and open thinking is one of the qualities that a successful person should have. Successful people are always open to many new ideas. They always think differently, they always think a new way of doing things, and they never stop thinking what is best for their life, and things that makes their life even better. Successful people dont close themselves off from information that helps them in their life or career. They are always ready to hear and find out about new things that will be very helpful to their life or maybe it might help a lot for their work. Other than that, another quality that makes me justify a person is successful is their courageous. Successful person are often risk-takers, which can be said as courageous person. They are vey daring in the things they do. They tap the courage that lives deep into them and use that courage for their successfulness. They try out many new things that give them ideas for their lives. They always put themselves out in front of others to make other see their successfulness and learn for them but this doesnt mean that they are being proud but they are making others want to be successful also. Another quality that should be in a person called successful is being committed to their work or to the things they do in their life. A successful person should always be committed in what they are doing and in what they want. People who are committed will stay focused in their goal even if it takes months to achieve it. A successful person who is committed in their work will see the success in a big picture which will be the big gain in their life and that will help them stay focused and keep them motivated in everything. Being committed to something that will take a long time to see the success make a person to be patient and wait for their success. This is what I say a successful individual. Additionally, being persistent is another quality that makes a successful person. Persistent means being determined. There is no such thing as giving up for a successful person. They never give up on anything that they do. They make sure that they find ways to make a thing that they are doing a success. This is why they are called as a successful person. For a successful person, success is 98% and 2% is their talent. They always say to themselves that they can do it no matter what happens, they seldom give up, and they gather all the things or information they need to make their work a success. This is they quality that should be in a person who says themselves as a successful person. Furthermore, being adaptable and flexible is another quality that a successful person should have. A successful person should always go with the flow in order to get thing done. Being adaptable with the place we are or the people we are with is a way to success. Take things easy, learn to be with many type of people and learn from them is the smartest way to walk in the road of success for our lives. Other than that, a successful person also should also have the quality of being flexible. Being flexible with their boss or colleagues is another way to climb up the stairs of success. Therefore as for me, a very good quality of a successful person is being adaptable and flexible. Another quality that makes me feel justified calling a person successful is their creative mind. Having a creative mind is a good way to make work done fast. Successful people who have creative mind know how to solve their problem with creative and innovative thinking. When given a work to do and ask to do it with creative new ideas, a successful person with a good creative mind wouldnt have a problem doing the work. A lot of new ideas should be given, a successful person always thinks out of the box, look around for new things to be taken foe the work, scroll around there and here to get new things. A successful person should always be creative and does work without fail and submit in right at time. More than that, there are still a few more qualities that I feel a person should have in order to call them successful; being spiritual. Being spiritual is another good quality that a successful person should have in order to have a strong spirit. A successful person should have a deep commitment to their spiritual side of their life. Successful person understand their life is more than just a life but is it a deep feeling that come within their life. A successful person let their spirit guide them, but in the right way of course. They follow what is right and they know how much their life important is for them. Our soul is the powerful thing in any life form and it can do wonders. Another quality that should be in a successful person is patient. Patient is very important for everyone in this world but as a successful person, it is more important for them. That is because patients can even change a good person to a bad person in seconds. That is why a successful person should have a lot of patient. Success takes a lot of time to build. Successful people are people who are happy, but still they have to allow the things they want to come in their own timing. That is where they have to be patient. Other than that, they also have to be more patient when they are in work place, when there are with some personal problems or family problems. When they get to be to patient and solve the entire problem, which is when they really become a successful person. This is why I include patient as a quality to justify a person is successful or not. In life, we must take responsibility, 100% responsibility. No matter what happens, we must be responsible and think in way that because of us only that incident took place. It is the decision that we made yesterday that lead us to something in our life today. We shouldnt keep on blaming others for what we did, if we keep on doing that, we will never achieve anything in our life because we are giving away the power to control the situation and when this always happen we will be never called as a successful person. This is why responsibility is very important as a quality in a successful person. A successful person is a person of taking all responsibility because we are given a work with trust of responsibility that we will go it with our best creative ideas and hard work. In a nutshell, to be a successful person, we must always believe that we can achieve it. Most people dont believe that they can do it. They dont believe that they can be rich or successful in their life. This is why the negative thoughts in a human can downgrade them and never make them successful. We must always believe in what we achieve in, this thinking will automatically open our mind and bring a potential within us, everything becomes possible for us and there comes a successful us in our mind and ourselves. Those were all the qualities that make me feel justified in calling a person successful individual. I also want to be called as a successful person, therefore I guess I must make other say that I have all that qualities but then before that I must plant all that qualities in myself and make it grow with enough sunlight, air and water and never forgetting fertilizer to make the plant in me to be more greenish. I am also a successful person.

Grooms Wedding Speech - Humorous, but Not Offensive -- Wedding Toasts

Groom's Wedding Speech - Humorous, but Not Offensive Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to witness a unique event in history - the very first and last time that my wife is going to let me speak on behalf of both of us. It is a privilege and an honor to do so. I just hope that, so soon into our married life, I don't let her down. Today has so far been a day beyond my wildest dreams. As a child, dreaming of my wedding day, I never dared imagine that I would end up marrying someone so intelligent, so witty, so popular, so gorgeous, and so altogether fantastic... (To his wife) Is this O.K. so far? Ladies and gentlemen, it is apparently my job to do all the thankyous. The first and biggest thankyou is to all of you. Thank you all for choosing to share today with us. We are delighted and touched to see so many of you here. And thank you, of course, for all the wonderful gifts. The father of the bride, on the other hand, who is picking up the bill for dinner, is completely distraught. When he saw the guest list with addresses in Ireland, Egypt, the U.S.A., Scotland, as well as the four corners of England, he was delighted, since he felt sure that most of you wouldn't make the effort to turn up. It's to his credit that during his speech you would never have guessed he is in fact a broke, or rather a broken, man. On the subject of his speech I’d like to thank him for his kind words. I hope that, as his daughter's husband, I can live up to the image he painted of me or, failing that, at least continue to keep pulling the wool over his eyes! We would also like to thank my wife's parents for all their efforts in organizing today. Their support has been invaluable, advice sound, and check-book largely available. I'd pe... ...he end and I know that whatever the future holds we’ll live it happily together. Of course this doesn't explain why it has taken us so long to get married. Well, outside church today, I was talking to one of her friends and she told me that, according to my wife, its all about maturity. She had asked my wife why we were getting married now, after all this time, and her response was this... "Men are like a fine wine. They all start out as grapes. It’s our job to stamp on them and then keep them in the dark until they mature into something you'd like to have dinner with..." It is my eternal good fortune that my wife's taste in wine is cheap, unrefined, and immature. Ladies and Gentlemen, thank you again for being here today, for the wonderful gifts, for your good wishes and most of all for your friendship now and in the future. Here's to a wonderful evening. Groom's Wedding Speech - Humorous, but Not Offensive -- Wedding Toasts Groom's Wedding Speech - Humorous, but Not Offensive Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to witness a unique event in history - the very first and last time that my wife is going to let me speak on behalf of both of us. It is a privilege and an honor to do so. I just hope that, so soon into our married life, I don't let her down. Today has so far been a day beyond my wildest dreams. As a child, dreaming of my wedding day, I never dared imagine that I would end up marrying someone so intelligent, so witty, so popular, so gorgeous, and so altogether fantastic... (To his wife) Is this O.K. so far? Ladies and gentlemen, it is apparently my job to do all the thankyous. The first and biggest thankyou is to all of you. Thank you all for choosing to share today with us. We are delighted and touched to see so many of you here. And thank you, of course, for all the wonderful gifts. The father of the bride, on the other hand, who is picking up the bill for dinner, is completely distraught. When he saw the guest list with addresses in Ireland, Egypt, the U.S.A., Scotland, as well as the four corners of England, he was delighted, since he felt sure that most of you wouldn't make the effort to turn up. It's to his credit that during his speech you would never have guessed he is in fact a broke, or rather a broken, man. On the subject of his speech I’d like to thank him for his kind words. I hope that, as his daughter's husband, I can live up to the image he painted of me or, failing that, at least continue to keep pulling the wool over his eyes! We would also like to thank my wife's parents for all their efforts in organizing today. Their support has been invaluable, advice sound, and check-book largely available. I'd pe... ...he end and I know that whatever the future holds we’ll live it happily together. Of course this doesn't explain why it has taken us so long to get married. Well, outside church today, I was talking to one of her friends and she told me that, according to my wife, its all about maturity. She had asked my wife why we were getting married now, after all this time, and her response was this... "Men are like a fine wine. They all start out as grapes. It’s our job to stamp on them and then keep them in the dark until they mature into something you'd like to have dinner with..." It is my eternal good fortune that my wife's taste in wine is cheap, unrefined, and immature. Ladies and Gentlemen, thank you again for being here today, for the wonderful gifts, for your good wishes and most of all for your friendship now and in the future. Here's to a wonderful evening.

Chest Pain

CHEST PAIN Chest Pain Overview If you are having severe pain, crushing, squeezing, or pressure in your chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or if the pain moves into your neck, left shoulder, arm, or jaw, go immediately to a hospital emergency department. Chest pain is one of the most frightening symptoms a person can have. It is sometimes difficult even for a doctor or other medical professional to tell what is causing chest pain and whether it is life-threatening. * Any part of the chest can be the cause of the pain including the heart, lungs, esophagus, muscle, bone, and skin. Because of the complex nerve distribution in the body, chest pain may actually originate from another part of the body. * The stomach or other organs in the belly (abdomen), for example, can cause chest pain. Potentially life-threatening causes of chest pain are as follows: Causes of Chest Pain 1. Heart attack (acute myocardial infarction): A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the arteries that supp ly the heart (coronary arteries) becomes blocked. With decreased blood flow, the muscle of the heart does not receive enough oxygen. This can cause damage, deterioration, and death of the heart muscle. . Angina: Angina is chest pain related to an imbalance between the oxygen demand of the heart and the amount of oxygen delivered via the blood. It is caused by blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Angina is different from a heart attack in that the arteries are not completely blocked, and it causes little or no permanent damage to the heart. â€Å"Stable† angina occurs repetitively and predictably while exercising and goes away with rest. â€Å"Unstable† angina results in unusual and unpredictable pain not relieved totally by rest, or pain that actually occurs at rest. . Aortic dissection: The aorta is the main artery that supplies blood to the vital organs of the body, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and intestines. Dissec tion means a tear in the inner lining of the aorta. This can cause massive internal bleeding and interrupt blood flow to the vital organs. 4. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolus is a blood clot in one of the major blood vessels that supplies the lungs. It is a potentially life-threatening cause of chest pain but is not associated with the heart. 5. Spontaneous pneumothorax: Often called a collapsed lung, this condition occurs when air enters the saclike space between the chest wall and the lung tissue. Normally, negative pressure in the chest cavity allows the lungs to expand. When a spontaneous pneumothorax occurs, air enters the chest cavity. When the pressure balance is lost, the lung is unable to re-expand. This cuts off the normal oxygen supply in the body. 6. Perforated viscus: A perforated viscus is a hole or tear in the wall of any area of the gastrointestinal tract. This allows air to enter the abdominal cavity, which irritates the diaphragm, and can cause chest pain. . Cocaine-induced chest pain: Cocaine causes the blood vessels in the body to constrict. This can decrease blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain. Cocaine also accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis, a risk factor for a heart attack. Causes of chest pain that are not immediately life-threatening include the following: 8. Acute pericarditis: T his is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that covers the heart. 9. Mitral valve prolapse: Mitral valve prolapse is an abnormality of one of the heart valves in which the â€Å"leaves† of the valve bulge into the upper heart chamber during contraction. When this occurs, a small amount of blood flows backward in the heart. This is believed by some to be a cause of chest pain in certain people, although this has not been proven with certainty. 10. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue. Chest pain occurs because of inflammation to the lining of the lungs. 11. Disorders of the esophagus: Chest pain from esophageal disorders can be an alarming symptom because it often mimics chest pain from a heart attack. (a)Acid reflux disease (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD, heartburn) occurs when acidic digestive juices flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus. The resulting heartburn is sometimes experienced as chest pain. (b)Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus. (c)Esophageal spasm is defined as excessive, intensified, or uncoordinated contractions of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. 12. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage between the ribs. Pain is typically located in the mid-chest, with intermittently dull and sharp pain that may be increased with deep breaths, movement, and deep touch. 13. Herpes zoster: Also known as shingles, this is a reactivation of the viral infection that causes chickenpox. With shingles, a rash occurs, usually only on one small part of the body. The pain, often very severe, is usually confined to the area of the rash. The pain may precede the rash by 4-7 days. Risk factors include any condition in which the immune system is compromised, such as advanced age, HIV, or cancer. Herpes zoster is highly contagious to people who have not had chickenpox or have not been vaccinated against chickenpox for the five days before and the five days after the appearance of the rash. HEART ATTACK A heart attack is caused by coronary heart disease, or coronary artery disease. Heart disease may be caused by cholesterol build-up in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis), blood clots, or spasm of the vessels that supply blood to the heart. Risk factors for a heart attack are:- (a) High blood pressure (b) Diabetes (c) Smoking (d) High cholesterol (e) Family history of heart attacks at ages younger than 60 years, one or more previous heart attacks, male gender (f) Obesity (g) Postmenopausal women are at higher risk than premenopausal women. This is thought to be due to loss of the protective effects of the hormone estrogen at menopause. It was previously treated by hormone supplements (hormone replacement therapy, or HRT). However, research findings have changed our thinking on HRT; long-term HRT is no longer recommended for most women. (h) Use of cocaine and similar stimulants. Angina Causes 1. Angina may be caused by spasm, narrowing, or partial blockage of an artery that supplies blood to the heart. 2. The most common cause is coronary heart disease, in which a blood clot or buildup of fatty material inside the blood vessel (atherosclerosis) reduces blood flow but does not completely block the blood vessel. 3. Angina can be triggered by exercise or physical exertion, by emotional stress, or by certain heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias) that cause the heart to beat very fast. Aortic Dissection Causes Aortic dissection may be caused by conditions that damage the innermost lining of the aorta. (a)These include uncontrolled high blood pressure, connective-tissue diseases, cocaine use, advanced age, pregnancy, congenital heart disease, and cardiac catheterization (a medical procedure). (b) Men are at higher risk than women. (c) A similar condition is aortic aneurysm. This is an enlargement of the aorta that can rupture, causing pain and bleeding. Aneurysms can occur in the aorta in the chest or the abdomen. Pulmonary Embolism Causes Pulmonary embolism risk factors include: (a)Sedentary lifestyle, (b)Obesity, (c)Prolonged immobility, (d) Fracture of a long bone of the legs, (e) Pregnancy, (f)Cancer, (g) History or family history of blood clots, (j)Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), (k) Heart attack, (l)Congestive heart failure. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Causes 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when the pressure balance between the sac that contains the lung and the outside atmosphere is disrupted. 2. Injury to the chest that pierces through to the lung sac is the most common cause of this condition. This can be caused by trauma, as in a car wreck, bad fall, gunshot wound or stabbing, or in surgery. 3. Some very thin and tall people may suffer a spontaneous pneumothorax due to stretched lung tissues and abnormal air sacs in the upper portions of their lungs. It is possible for these abnormal air sacs to rupture with even a sneeze or excessive coughing. 4. Other risk factors for pneumothorax include AIDS-related pneumonia, emphysema, severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, cancer, and marijuana and crack cocaine use Perforated Viscus Causes Perforated viscus may be caused by direct or indirect injury. Irritation to the diaphragm in this case comes from below the chest. The diaphragm is the muscle that allows us to breathe. It is located up under the ribs and separates the chest and abdominal cavity. Any irritation to the diaphragm, even from below it, can cause pain to be felt in the chest. Risk factors not related to trauma are: (a)Untreated ulcers, * (b)Prolonged or forceful vomiting, * (c)Swallowing a foreign body, * (d)Cancer, * (e)Appendicitis, * (f)Long-term steroid use, (g)Infection of the gallbladder, * (h)Gallstones, and * (j)AIDS. * * * Pericarditis Causes Pericarditis can be caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, cancer, connective-tissue diseases, certain medications, radiation treatment, and chronic renal failure. (a) One life-threatening complication of pericarditis is cardiac tamponade. Cardiac tamponade is an accumulation of fluid around the heart. This prevents the hear t from effectively pumping blood to the body. Symptoms of cardiac tamponade include sudden onset of shortness of breath, fainting, and chest pain. Pneumonia Causes Pneumonia may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections of the lungs. Esophagus Related Causes Chest pain originating from the esophagus may have several causes. Acid reflux (GERD) may be caused by any factors that decrease the pressure on the lower part of the esophagus, decreased movement of the esophagus, or prolonged emptying of the stomach. This condition may be brought on by: (a)Consumption of high-fat foods, (b)Nicotine use, (c)Alcohol use, (d)Caffeine, pregnancy, (d) Certain medications (for example, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergics, estrogen, progesterone), (f)diabetes, g)scleroderma. (h) Esophagitis may be caused by yeast, fungi, viruses, bacteria, or irritation from medications. (j) Esophageal spasm is caused by excessive, intensified, or uncoordinated contractions of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. Spasm may be triggered by emotional upset or swallowing very hot or cold liquids. Heart Attack Symptoms Typical heart attack pain occurs in th e mid to left side of the chest and may also extend to the left shoulder, the left arm, the jaw, the stomach, or the back. Other associated symptoms are shortness of breath, increased sweating, nausea, and vomiting. Women may experience symptoms of heart attack similar to men (chest pain), but they also may be more atypical. Atypical symptoms include: (a) Neck pain (b) Jaw pain (c) Shoulder pain (d) Upper back (e) Abdominal discomfort, (f) Shortness of breath, (g) Nausea or vomiting, (h) Abdominal pain, (j)Heartburn, (k) Sweatiness, (l) Light-headedness, (m) Dizziness, or (n) Unexplained fatigue. * Angina Symptoms Angina is similar to heart attack pain but occurs with physical exertion or exercise and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. Angina becomes life threatening when pain occurs at rest, has increased in frequency or intensity, or is not relieved with at least three nitroglycerin tablets taken five minutes apart. This is considered to be unstable angina, which may be a warning sign of an impending heart attack. Aortic Dissection Symptoms The chest pain associated with aortic dissection occurs suddenly and is described as â€Å"ripping† or â€Å"tearing. † The pain may radiate to the back or between the shoulder blades. Because the aorta supplies blood to the entire body, symptoms may also include: (a)Angina-type pain, (b)Shortness of breath, (c)Fainting, d)Abdominal pain, or (e)Symptoms of stroke. Pulmonary Embolism Symptoms Symptoms of a pulmonary embolus include: The sudden onset of shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and sharp pain in the mid chest, which increases with deep breaths. Symptoms of pneumothorax include: The sudden onset of shortness of breath,sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness. Perforated Viscus Symptoms Perforated viscus comes on suddenly with severe abdominal, chest, and/or back pain. Abdominal pain may increase with movement or when breathing in and may be accompanied by a rigid, boardlike abdominal wall. Pericarditis Symptoms The pain of pericarditis is typically described as a sharp or stabbing pain in the mid-chest, worsened by deep breaths. pain may mimic the pain of a heart attack, because it may radiate to the left side of the back or shoulder. One distinguishing factor is that the pain is worsened by lying flat and improved by leaning forward. When lying flat, the inflamed pericardium is in direct contact with the heart and causes pain. When leaning forward, there is a space between the pericardium and the heart. people report a recent cold, fever, shortness of breath, or pain when swallowing just before developing pericarditis. Mitral Valve Prolapse Symptoms Mitral valve prolapse usually has no symptoms, but some people experience palpitations (sensation of rapid or strong heartbeat) and chest pain. Chest pain associated with mitral valve prolapse differs from that of typical angina in that it is sharp, does not radiate, and is not related to physical exertion. Other symptoms include fatigue, light-headedness, and shortness of breath. Complications include infection of the heart valves, mitral valve regurgitation (an abnormal blood flow within the chambers of the heart), and abnormal heart rhythms, which rarely cause sudden death. Pneumonia Symptoms The chest pain of pneumonia occurs during prolonged or forceful coughing. The pain is usually one-sided an is worsened by coughing. Other associated symptoms include fever, coughing up mucus (sputum), and shortness of breath. Esophagus Related Symptoms With chest pain originating from the esophagus, symptoms depend on the source. * (a)Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include: (b)Heartburn, (c)Painful swallowing, (d)Excessive salivation, (e)Dull chest discomfort, (f)Chest pressure, or (g)Severe squeezing pain across the mid chest. h)You may feel uncomfortable or may experience: (j)Profuse sweating, (k)Pallor, (l)Nausea, and (m)Vomiting. Symptoms of esophagitis include difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, or symptoms of GERD. The chest pain comes on suddenly and is not relieved by antacids. The pain of esophageal spasm is usually intermittent and dull. It is located in the mid-chest and may radiate to the back, neck, or shoulders. DIAGNOSIS He art Attack In the hospital emergency department, the healthcare providers use three basic procedures to decide if a patient is having a heart attack. (a) The first is the symptoms reported by the patient. * (b) The second is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), an electrical tracing of the heart's activity. On the ECG, it may be possible to tell which vessels in the heart are blocked or narrowed. * (c) The third is measurement of enzymes produced by the heart muscle cells when they do not receive enough oxygen. These enzymes are detectable with blood tests and are called cardiac enzymes. Angina Angina is diagnosed by the same methods doctors use to diagnose heart attacks. In angina, the test results reveal no permanent damage to the heart. The diagnosis is made only after the possibility of a heart attack has been ruled out, usually by negative results on three sets of cardiac enzyme tests. the ECG may show abnormalities, these changes are often reversible. * Another way to diagnose angina is the stress test: these tests monitor your ECG during exercise or other stress to identify blockages in blood vessels to the heart. * Cardiac catheterization is used to identify blockages. This is a special type of x-ray (angiography or arteriography) that uses a harmless dye to highlight blockages or other abnormalities in blood vessels. Aortic Dissection The diagnosis of aortic dissection is based on the symptoms the patient describes, chest x-ray, and other special imaging tests. On a chest x-ray, the aorta will have an abnormal contour or appear widened. * Transesophageal echocardiography is a specialized ultrasound of the heart in which a probe is inserted into the esophagus. The technique is performed under sedation or general anaesthesia. The dissection may be identified very accurately by a CT scan of the chest or angiography. * * Pulmonary Embolism * * The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is made from a variety of sources. Description of the patient's symptoms and results of ECG and chest x-ray all may contribute to the diagnosis, but are not definitive. patient will be asked if they have had any symptoms of a blood clot in the leg. The healthcare provider may draw blood drawn from the patient's artery to check the levels of oxygen and other gases. Abnormalities in blood gases indicate a problem in the lungs that is preventing the patient from getting enough oxygen. A ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan) compares blood flow to oxygen intake in different segments of the lung. An irregularity in just one segment can indicate an embolism. CT scan of the lungs is another way to determine if a patient has a pulmonary embolus. It may be done instead of the V/Q scan. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax is diagnosed by physical exam and chest x-ray. A CT scan may be helpful in locating a small pneumothorax. Perforated viscus usually can be identified by a chest x-ray with the patient standing upright or an abdominal x-ray lying on the left side. -rays in these positions allow air to rise to the diaphragm, where it can be detected. The symptoms and the results of the physical exam and other lab tests also assist in diagnosis. * Pericarditis * * Acute pericarditis is usually diagnosed by the patient's symptoms, serial ECGs, and echocardiography. Certain lab tests may be helpful in determining the cause. * * Pneumonia Pneumonia is diagnosed by the patient's symptoms and medical history, physical examination, and chest x-ray. Esophagus Disorders of the esophagus causing chest pain are diagnosed by a process of el imination. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the patient's symptoms and medical history, after ruling out cardiac causes and observing whether the patient experiences pain relief from antacids. Chest Pain Treatment Self-Care at Home Heart Attack If you suspect that you or someone you are with may be having a heart attack, call for emergency services or go to the nearest hospital emergency department. * While waiting for the ambulance, have the patient chew two baby aspirin or at least half of a regular aspirin – at least 160 mg. There is no evidence that taking more than this helps more, and the patient could have unwanted side effects if they take too much. * It is important to chew the aspirin before swallowing it because chewing decreases the time the medicine takes to have an effect. Chewing an aspirin in the early stages of a heart attack may reduce the risk of death and it may also reduce the severity of the attack. Angina If the patient has had angina and has nitroglycerin tablets available, have the patient place one under the tongue. This may aid in increasing blood flow to blocked or narrowed arteries. If the chest pain continues in the next five minutes, take another tablet under the tongue. If, after three nitroglycerin tablets, the patient does not have relief of the chest pain, go to the nearest emergency department. Esophagus the pain is from acid reflux (GERD), it may be relieved with antacids. Even if the patient's pain goes away after taking an antacid, do not assume they are not having a heart attack. The patient should still be evaluated in a hospital emergency department. Medical Treatment Heart Attack Treatment 1. Treatment for a heart attack is aimed at increasing blood flow by opening arteries blocked or narrowed by a blood clot. * 2. Medicines used to achieve this include aspirin, heparin, and clot-busting (thrombolytic) drugs. * 3. Other medications can be used to slow the heart rate, which decreases the workload of the heart and reduces pain. * 4. Angioplasty is a way of unblocking an artery. Angiography is done first to locate narrowing or blockages. A very thin plastic tube called a catheter is inserted into the artery. A tiny balloon on the end of the catheter is inflated. This expands the artery, providing a wider passage for blood. The balloon is then deflated and removed. Sometimes a small metal scaffold called a stent is placed in the artery to keep it expanded. * 5. Surgery may be required if medical treatment is unsuccessful. This could include angioplasty or cardiac bypass. * * Angina Treatment * * Treatment of angina is directed at relieving chest pain that occurs as the result of reduced blood flow to the heart. The medication nitroglycerin is the most widely used treatment. Nitroglycerin dilates (widens) the coronary arteries. It is often taken under the tongue (sublingually). People with known angina may be treated with nitroglycerin for three doses, five minutes apart. the pain remains, nitroglycerin is given by IV, and the patient is admitted to the hospital and monitored to rule out a heart attack. Long-term treatment after the first episode of angina focuses on reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis and heart disease. Aortic Dissection Treatment 1. Suspected aortic dissection often is treated with medications that reduce blood pressure. 2. Medications that slow the heart rate and dilate the arteries are the most widely used. * 3. Close monitoring is required to avoid lowering the blood pressure too much, which can be dangerous. * 4. Surgical repair is required for any dissection that involves the ascending (upward) portion of the aorta. * * Pulmonary Embolism Treatment * * 1. Anyone with a presumed or documented pulmonary embolism requires admission to the hospital. * * 2. Treatment usually includes supplemental oxygen and medication to prevent further clotting of blood, typically heparin. * * 3. If the embolism is very large, clot-busting medications are given in some situations to dissolve the clot. * * 4. Some people undergo surgery to place an umbrella-like filter in a blood vessel to prevent blood clots from the lower extremities from moving to the lungs. * * Pneumothorax Treatment 1. A pneumothorax without symptoms involves six hours of hospital observation and repeat chest x-rays. * 2. If the size of the pneumothorax remains unchanged, the patient is usually discharged with a follow-up appointment in 24 hours. * 3. If the patient develop symptoms or the pneumothorax enlarges, they will be admitted to the hospital. The patient will undergo catheter aspiration or have a chest tube inserted to restore negative pressure in the lung sac. Perforated Viscus Treatment Any disruption or perforation of the intestinal tract (viscus) is a potentially life-threatening emergency. Immediate surgery may be required. Pericarditis Treatment Viral pericarditis usually improves with 7-21 days of therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as aspirin andibuprofen (for example, Motrin). Pneumonia Treatment Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics, and pain medication is given for chest wall tenderness. Costochondritis Treatment Costochondritis is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen. Esophageal Conditions Treatment The three major esophageal disorders that cause chest pain; 1) acid reflux (GERD), 2) esophagitis, and 3) esophageal spasm, are treated with antacid therapy; antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal medication; medication to relax the muscles of the esophagus; or some combination of these. Follow-up No matter what the cause of chest pain, regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are important. This will help you remain as healthy as possible and prevent worsening of your condition. Prevention Heart Attack Prevention Prevention of heart attack and angina involves living what the American Heart Association calls a â€Å"heart healthy† lifestyle. Reducing your risk factors has a significant effect on reducing your risk. * (a) Don't smoke. * (b) Maintain a healthy weight. * (c) Eat nutritious, low-fat foods in moderate quantities. * (d) If you drink alcohol, use alcohol moderately. * (e) Engage in physical activity or exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. (f) Control high blood pressure and high cholesterol. * (g) If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar every day. Aortic Dissection Prevention Aortic dissection may be prevented by controlling high blood pressure and getting proper screening if the patient has a familial disposition to this disorder. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (a) Prevention of pulmonary embolism includes living a heart healthy lifestyle. (b) No one should smoke, but women older than 35 years who use birth control pills are at especially high risk from smoking. c) When traveling on extended trips that require sitting for long periods of time (plane, car, train, etc. ) or other times of leg immobilization, get up and allow time for stretching and movement of the legs. Isometric contractions of the calves are helpful if getting out of the seat is not possible. * (d) If the patient has leg swelling, particularly if one is disproportionate to the other, see the doctor or healthcare provider. (e) You should always receive preventive anticoagulant medication after surgery, especially after orthopedic surgery. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Prevention Smoking cessation decreases the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Perforated Viscus Prevention Treating peptic ulcers appropriately and avoiding swallowing foreign bodies reduces the risk of perforated viscus. Pericarditis Prevention Because many cases of acute pericarditis are caused by viruses, effective handwashing may reduce transmission of infectious viral agents. Pneumonia Prevention Effective handwashing and good hygiene will help reduce the transmission of infectious viruses and bacteria that can cause pneumonia. Esophagus Disease Prevention (a) Acid reflux (GERD) can be prevented to a certain extent in most people. * (b) Avoid foods and other substances that bring on or worsen symptoms, especially fatty foods * (c) Stop smoking * (d) Use alcohol in moderation, if at all * (e) Avoid eating large meals * (f) Avoid eating for three hours before bedtime * (g) Avoid lying down right after eating * (h) Elevate the head of your bed Outlook Early medical intervention improves survival in potentially life-threatening illnesses involving chest pain. Heart attack and unstable angina: Heart disease, which includes heart attacks and angina, is the leading cause of death for American adults . Whether you survive a heart attack depends on the time it takes to get medical treatment, the region and extent of injury within the heart, and the presence of any other risk factors. Aortic dissection: This condition is life-threatening. Quick action in getting medical treatment is essential with aortic dissection. When left untreated, about 33% of patients die within the first 24 hours, and 50% die within 48 hours. The two week mortality rate approaches 75% in patients with undiagnosed ascending aortic dissection. Pulmonary embolism: Even with early treatment, 1 in 10 people with pulmonary embolism die within the first hour. It is treatable if it is not rapidly severe and caught early. Patients are often maintained on blood thinners as treatment. Pneumothorax: Most people with this condition recover fully as long as it is not associated with other life-threatening injuries (like in an auto accident). It occurs mostly tall, thin, young people without lung disease. Patients who have had one spontaneous pneumothorax have about a 50% chance of recurrence. Other illnesses causing pneumothorax and complications from the chest tube placement may prolong or worsen the condition. Perforated viscus: With early detection and intervention, the prognosis for perforated viscus is good in relatively healthy people. If you are in poor health prior to the perforation you will have a worse outcome. Acute pericarditis: Although the course may vary with each person, the outcome is good if the disorder is treated promptly. Most people recover in two weeks to three months. Pneumonia: In young, healthy adults, the prognosis for pneumonia is good with appropriate treatment. Prognosis is generally poorer in the elderly and in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. Chest pain originating from the esophagus: Reflux disease (GERD) affects about one-fourth of the adult population and has a very low death rate. Esophagitis may lead to ulcerations, scarring, or narrowing of the esophagus. With the exception of possible perforation, which has a high death rate, the overall prognosis is good. Esophageal spasm has a good outcome.

English Coursework Help How to Review Your Freelancers and Know Youre Paying for a Good One

English Coursework Help How to Review Your Freelancers and Know Youre Paying for a Good One English Coursework Help: How to Review Your Freelancers and Know You’re Paying for a Good One Hiring a freelance writer is easy. Hiring a quality writer who will meet your specifications, use correct spelling grammar and words, and turn in assignments on time is more challenging. If you are looking for the English coursework help, look at these tips before you search for a freelancer to write for you. Spelling and Grammar Ask the freelancer to send you several samples of their work. You want at least two, so you can compare the documents and assure yourself that they are similar enough that the freelancer actually wrote them. Check the documents for spelling and grammar errors, or any odd usage of language. Then you want to review the freelancer’s profile, if available. The profile, especially the overview, will reveal many things to you. Lack of an overview or summary may tell you they do not take much pride in their work. Errors in the profile can give you an indication of the quality of paper you might receive from them. If a freelancer will not take the time to make sure the writing they use to represent themselves is perfect, you can be sure they will not take the time on your paper either. Formatting Since you have a few samples of the freelancer’s work determine what type of papers they are. If they are academic papers such as term papers or argumentative essays, you can review the format. A quick Google search will give you an idea of how each specific paper should be formatted, as different papers have different requirements. You can compare the suggested formatting against the sample paper and see if they are similar, or not. A poorly formatted sample paper from a freelancer may mean they do not put enough thought into the format, so if you do work with them you will need to clarify the format and give them specific instructions. Style and Word Usage Take note of the writer’s style. Are they too wordy? Do they tend to take the long way around when explaining something? If you see this in the paper, you may see it in future writing you receive from them as well. If you are looking for a specific style you might ask the freelancer if they have any samples in that style, or find a writer whose style is similar to what you are looking for. Many freelancers are able to be flexible to an extent, but the best results come from hiring someone who has a writing style you already view favorably. Sources and Citations If the sample is an academic paper requiring sources to be cited, take a look at those too. This will give you a huge insight into how this writer researched the topic subject. If you find the sources odd or not authoritative enough, you might keep searching for a freelancer. You may also be pleased with the sources used and this detail in the sample paper can confirm your choice of writer. Keeping these details in mind and doing a little research of your own before hiring a freelance coursework writer  can save you a headache or two later on.